sábado, 3 de março de 2012
Situações de emergência médica a bordo:
✈Infarto = Heart attack (or cardiac arrest)
✈Enjôo = motion sickness
✈Ataque epilético = epileptic attack
✈Cortes pequenos (causados por objetos que caem durante turbulência) = minor cuts (caused by fallen objects due to turbulence)
✈Reação alérgica = alergic reaction (or anaphylactic shock)
✈Hipoglicemia = hypoglycaemic episode
✈Pressão alta = high blood pressure
✈Parto prematuro = premature childbirth
domingo, 5 de fevereiro de 2012
Present Perfect ( explicado em português...)
Lembrem-se que ele se chama Present Perfect por uma razão: tem sempre algo relacionado com o presente de quem fala ou da situação da qual se fala. Comecemos com alguns exemplos:
- I have lost my car keys. (Perdi as chaves do meu carro. Não estou com elas agora, portanto não posso entrar no carro.)
- Have you done your homework? (Fizeram a tarefa? – Pergunta a professora querendo ver a tarefa feita agora.)
- I have broken a glass. (Quebrei um copo. Há cacos de vidro por todos os lugares.)
- Why can´t John buy that new car? – He has lost his job. (Por que John não pode comprar aquele carro novo? – Ele perdeu seu emprego. Agora não tem dinheiro para comprar o carro.)
Viram a conexão entre o passado e o presente?
Let´s continue …
O Present Perfect também é usado com uma série de advérbios:
- JUST: indica que a ação acabou de acontecer. He has just finished doing his homework. (Ele acabou de terminar de fazer sua tarefa.)
- EVER: alguma vez na vida. Have you ever gone hiking in the mountains? (Você já foi fazer trilha nas montanhas?)
- ALREADY: já (nas frases afirmativas). I have already been to China. (Eu já estive na China.)
- NEVER: nunca. I have never seen such a beautiful thing. (Nunca vi coisa tão Linda.)
- YET: 1. já (quando se espera que a resposta seja afirmativa) – Have you done the dishes yet? (Já lavou a louça? – Era esperado que você a lavasse.) – 2. ainda (em frases negativas) – No, I haven´t done the dishes yet. (Não, não lavei a louça ainda.)
- SINCE – desde. I have been a teacher since 1992. (Sou professor desde 1992.)
- FOR – há, por, faz. I haven´t seen him for a long time. (Não o vejo há/por/faz muito tempo.)
Mais Dicas Importantes
- Quando a pergunta contiver WHEN nunca use o Present Perfect, sempre use o Simple Past: When did you start studying English?
- O Present Perfect também é usado para indicar a quantidade de vezes que a pessoa faz algo. Por exemplo: This is the first time I´ve come here. (É a primeira vez que venho aqui.) – She hasn´t been here lately. (Ela não tem vindo aqui ultimamente.)
quinta-feira, 26 de janeiro de 2012
Present Perfect
FORM
[has/have + past participle]
Examples:
- You have seen that movie many times.
- Have you seen that movie many times?
- You have not seen that movie many times.
USE 1 Unspecified Time Before Now

We use the Present Perfect to say that an action happened at an unspecified time before now. The exact time is not important. You CANNOT use the Present Perfect with specific time expressions such as: yesterday, one year ago, last week, when I was a child, when I lived in Japan, at that moment, that day, one day, etc. We CAN use the Present Perfect with unspecific expressions such as: ever, never, once, many times, several times, before, so far, already, yet, etc.
Examples:
- I have seen that movie twenty times.
- I think I have met him once before.
- There have been many earthquakes in California.
- People have traveled to the Moon.
- People have not traveled to Mars.
- Have you read the book yet?
- Nobody has ever climbed that mountain.
- A: Has there ever been a war in the United States?
B: Yes, there has been a war in the United States.
How Do You Actually Use the Present Perfect?
The concept of "unspecified time" can be very confusing to English learners. It is best to associate Present Perfect with the following topics:
TOPIC 1 Experience
You can use the Present Perfect to describe your experience. It is like saying, "I have the experience of..." You can also use this tense to say that you have never had a certain experience. The Present Perfect is NOT used to describe a specific event.
Examples:
- I have been to France.
This sentence means that you have had the experience of being in France. Maybe you have been there once, or several times. - I have been to France three times.
You can add the number of times at the end of the sentence. - I have never been to France.
This sentence means that you have not had the experience of going to France. - I think I have seen that movie before.
- He has never traveled by train.
- Joan has studied two foreign languages.
- A: Have you ever met him?
B: No, I have not met him.
TOPIC 2 Change Over Time
We often use the Present Perfect to talk about change that has happened over a period of time.
Examples:
- You have grown since the last time I saw you.
- The government has become more interested in arts education.
- Japanese has become one of the most popular courses at the university since the Asian studies program was established.
- My English has really improved since I moved to Australia.
TOPIC 3 Accomplishments
We often use the Present Perfect to list the accomplishments of individuals and humanity. You cannot mention a specific time.
Examples:
- Man has walked on the Moon.
- Our son has learned how to read.
- Doctors have cured many deadly diseases.
- Scientists have split the atom.
TOPIC 4 An Uncompleted Action You Are Expecting
We often use the Present Perfect to say that an action which we expected has not happened. Using the Present Perfect suggests that we are still waiting for the action to happen.
Examples:
- James has not finished his homework yet.
- Susan hasn't mastered Japanese, but she can communicate.
- Bill has still not arrived.
- The rain hasn't stopped.
TOPIC 5 Multiple Actions at Different Times
We also use the Present Perfect to talk about several different actions which have occurred in the past at different times. Present Perfect suggests the process is not complete and more actions are possible.
Examples:
- The army has attacked that city five times.
- I have had four quizzes and five tests so far this semester.
- We have had many major problems while working on this project.
- She has talked to several specialists about her problem, but nobody knows why she is sick.
Time Expressions with Present Perfect
When we use the Present Perfect it means that something has happened at some point in our lives before now. Remember, the exact time the action happened is not important.

Sometimes, we want to limit the time we are looking in for an experience. We can do this with expressions such as: in the last week, in the last year, this week, this month, so far, up to now, etc.

Examples:
- Have you been to Mexico in the last year?
- I have seen that movie six times in the last month.
- They have had three tests in the last week.
- She graduated from university less than three years ago. She has worked for three different companies so far.
- My car has broken down three times this week.
NOTICE
"Last year" and "in the last year" are very different in meaning. "Last year" means the year before now, and it is considered a specific time which requires Simple Past. "In the last year" means from 365 days ago until now. It is not considered a specific time, so it requires Present Perfect.
Examples:
- I went to Mexico last year.
I went to Mexico in the calendar year before this one. - I have been to Mexico in the last year.
I have been to Mexico at least once at some point between 365 days ago and now.
USE 2 Duration From the Past Until Now (Non-Continuous Verbs)

With Non-Continuous Verbs and non-continuous uses of Mixed Verbs, we use the Present Perfect to show that something started in the past and has continued up until now. "For five minutes," "for two weeks," and "since Tuesday" are all durations which can be used with the Present Perfect.
Examples:
- I have had a cold for two weeks.
- She has been in England for six months.
- Mary has loved chocolate since she was a little girl.
Although the above use of Present Perfect is normally limited to Non-Continuous Verbs and non-continuous uses of Mixed Verbs, the words "live," "work," "teach," and "study" are sometimes used in this way even though they are NOT Non-Continuous Verbs.
ADVERB PLACEMENT
The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as: always, only, never, ever, still, just, etc.
Examples:
- You have only seen that movie one time.
- Have you only seen that movie one time?
ACTIVE / PASSIVE
Examples:
- Many tourists have visited that castle. Active
- That castle has been visited by many tourists. Passive
segunda-feira, 16 de janeiro de 2012
13 Dicas para aumentar seu vocabulário inglês
1 – Faça imagens das palavras que você quer aprender. O cérebro funciona por meio de imagens; a prova disso é que você sonha imagens e não palavras. Portanto, se transformar em imagens as palavras a serem aprendidas, você ajuda seu cérebro a aprendê-las mais rapidamente. Veja este Picture Dictionary para ajudar em suas ilustrações.

2 – Cole etiquetas nos objetos de sua casa ou escritório. O vocabulário mais fácil de aprender é aquele que está relacionado às coisas que você usa e vê diariamente. Numa tira de papel, escreva a palavra inglesa a ser aprendida. Em seguida, cole essa tira no objeto correspondente (use fita adesiva). Veja aqui a lista de móveis e eletrodomésticos em inglês no Visual Webster Dictionary. Deixe as etiquetas coladas nos objetos por alguns dias ou semanas, até você ter aprendido todo o vocabulário.
3 – Faça marcações em fotos. Se você não pode etiquetar os objetos de seu escritório, tire uma foto de seu local de trabalho, imprima a foto e faça setas apontando para os objetos que você vê na foto. Na extremidade da seta, escreva a palavra inglesa correspondente. Depois que dominar esse vocabulário, faça o mesmo com fotos dos lugares por onde você passa diariamente (metrô, cinema, restaurante, museu, supermercado, campo de futebol, etc.). Monte seu próprio dicionário inglês ilustrado. Veja exemplos nosInfo Visual e Photographic Dictionary
4 – Aprenda palavras por tema. Por exemplo: móveis de uma sala, lista de frutas, partes de um carro, etc. Palavras de um mesmo grupo ajudam o cérebro a criar elos entre elas com mais facilidade.
5 – Faça lista de vocabulário inglês – inglês. Crie listas de sinônimos (high-tall) e de antônimos (good-bad). A ligação entre os sinônimos e os antônimos facilita a memorização.
6 – Aprenda o vocabulário de filme. Nos filmes, o vocabulário é sempre repetitivo. Por isso, ao ver na legenda alguma palavra inglesa desconhecida, faça uma pesquisa rápida no dicionário. Da próxima vez que a palavra pesquisada aparecer, você não só vai entendê-la mas também vai fixar essa palavra na mente. Deixe um dicionário próximo ao seu televisor.
7 – Mude o idioma de seus equipamentos para o inglês. No menu de configuração de seu celular, mude o idioma para inglês. Isso fará com que você tenha contato com esse idioma diariamente. Altere também o idioma de seu DVD, sistema operacional do computador, etc.
8 – Aprenda formação de palavras em inglês. Usos de prefixos e sufixos aumentam seu vocabulário rapidamente e de maneira muito fácil. O sufixo ER, por exemplo, é acrescentado a verbos para formar substantivos (wash (lavar) – washER (lavador)). Veja lista de prefixos e sufixos ingleses aqui.
9 – Aprenda as palavras que pesquisou em seu dicionário eletrônico. Geralmente os dicionários eletrônicos registram as 20 ou 30 últimas palavras pesquisadas. Reveja essa lista com regularidade até dominar esse conteúdo.
10 – Faça flash-cards para memorizar novas palavras. Os flash-cards garantem o aprendizado mais rápido de qualquer lista de palavras. Para saber mais sobre eles, clique em Como memorizar palavras estrangeiras rapidamente
11 – Aprenda “collocations” – “Collocations” são palavras que sempre ou quase sempre estão juntas tais como go together, go home, have dinner. Veja mais exemplos de collocations.
12- Compre livro de aumento de vocabulário. Esses livros apresentam palavras por tema e trazem exercícios para reforçar o aprendizado.
13 – Aprenda palavra inglesa diariamente. Existem sites que enviam palavras inglesas com explicação e exemplos para seu email todos os dias. Ler as mensagens ajuda a aumentar seu vocabulário. Alguns sites que fazem isso são Webster Dictionary, Oxford Dictionary e, claro, nosso queridíssimo Inglês no Supermercado.
Fonte: Inglês no Supermercado
domingo, 25 de dezembro de 2011
Christmas Vocabulary ( in English).
Christmas Vocabulary
advent | the arrival of someone or something important |
Advent | the coming (or second coming) of Jesus Christ; the month leading up to Christmas |
angel | a spiritual being acting as a messenger of God (usually shown as a human being with wings) |
berry | a small round fruit |
Bethlehem | the small town in the Middle East believed to be the birthplace of Jesus Christ |
candle | a cylinder of wax with a central wick (like string) which burns to produce light |
chimney | a vertical pipe in a house that allows smoke and gases to escape from a fireplace (Father Christmas traditionally enters a house through its chimney) |
Christ | the title of Jesus (also used as His name) |
Christian | a person who believes in Christianity; also an adjective |
Christianity | the religion based on the teachings and person of Jesus Christ |
Christmas | the annual Christian festival celebrating the birth of Jesus Christ (Christmas Day is on 25 December) |
Christmas cake | a rich fruit cake covered with white icing, eaten at Christmas |
Christmas card | a greetings card that people send to friends and family at Christmas |
Christmas carol | a religious song or popular hymn that people sing at Christmas |
Christmas Day | 25 December, the birthday of Jesus Christ |
Christmas Eve | the evening or day before Christmas Day (24 December) |
Christmas holidays | the holiday period for about a week before and after Christmas Day |
Christmas present | a gift or present given at Christmas |
Christmas tree | an evergreen tree (often a spruce) that people decorate with lights and ornaments at Christmas |
cracker | a decorated paper tube that makes a sharp noise ("crack!") and releases a small toy when two people pull it apart |
decoration | something that adds beauty; ornament |
egg-nog | a traditional Christmas drink made of alcohol with beaten eggs and milk |
Father Christmas | an imaginary being who brings presents for children on the night before Christmas Day (also known as Santa Claus) - traditionally an old man with a red suit and white beard |
fireplace | a partly enclosed space in a house where people light a fire for warmth |
frankincense | a gum used for incense, one of the gifts that the three wise men gave to Jesus |
gold | a yellow precious metal, one of the gifts that the three wise men gave to Jesus |
holly | an evergreen plant with prickly dark green leaves and red berries |
Jesus | the name of Christ, the central figure of Christianity (believed by Christians to be the Son of God) |
Joseph | the husband of Mary (the mother of Jesus) |
magi | the wise men from the East who brought gifts for the baby Jesus |
manger | a trough for food for horses or cattle (used by Mary as a cradle or bed for Jesus) |
Mary | the mother of Jesus |
mistletoe | a parasitic plant with white berries, traditionally used as a Christmas decoration |
myrrh | a gum used for perfume or incense, one of the gifts that the three wise men gave to Jesus |
nativity | the birth of a person |
the Nativity | the birth of Jesus Christ |
nativity play | a play that people perform at Christmas based on the birth of Jesus |
new year | the start of a year; the period just before and after 1 January |
New Year's Day | 1 January |
New Year's Eve | 31 December |
ornament | an object that adds beauty to something; a decoration |
present | a thing given to somebody as a gift. |
reindeer | a deer with large antlers found in some cold climates (believed to pull the sleigh for Santa Claus or Father Christmas) |
Santa Claus | an imaginary being who brings presents for children on the night before Christmas Day (also known as Father Christmas) - traditionally an old man with a red suit and white beard (Santa Claus may be based in part on the historical figure of Saint Nicholas.) |
shepherd | a person who looks after sheep |
sleigh | a sledge or light cart on runners pulled by horses or reindeer over snow and ice |
snow | water vapour from the sky that falls as white flakes and covers the ground |
star | a bright point in the night sky which is a large, distant incandescent body like the sun |
the star of Bethlehem | the star that announced the birth of Jesus and guided the wise men to find Him |
tinsel | a decoration consisting of thin strips of shiny metal foil, traditionally used at Christmas |
turkey | a bird like a large chicken, traditionally eaten at Christmas |
white Christmas | a Christmas with snow on the ground |
Xmas | abbreviation or informal term for Christmas |
Christmas Expressions
- Merry Christmas!
- Happy Christmas
- Happy New Year!
- Merry Christmas and a Happy New Year!
- Wishing you a prosperous New Year
- All the best for the coming year
- Seasons Greetings!
Vocabulário de Natal
1. Christmas tree: Árvore de natal.
Ex: There was a beautiful Christmas tree in the living room. (Tinha uma bonita árvore de natal na sala.)
2. Christmas ornaments: Decorações de natal.
Ex: They’re going to get the Christmas ornaments. (Elas vão buscar as decorações de natal.)
Ex: They’re going to get the Christmas ornaments. (Elas vão buscar as decorações de natal.)
3. Nativity scene: Presépio.
Ex: The Nativity scene is part of the celebrations. (O Presépio faz parte das celebrações.)
Ex: The Nativity scene is part of the celebrations. (O Presépio faz parte das celebrações.)
4. Father christmas/Santa Claus: Papai noel.
Ex: Children often dream about Santa Claus. (As crianças muitas vezes sonham com o papai noel.)
Ex: Children often dream about Santa Claus. (As crianças muitas vezes sonham com o papai noel.)
5. Sleigh: Trenó
Ex: They saw a sleigh on tv. (Eles viram um trenó na tv.)
Ex: They saw a sleigh on tv. (Eles viram um trenó na tv.)
6. Turkey: Peru
Ex: She said she’s never eaten turkey. (Ela disse que nunca comeu peru.)
Ex: She said she’s never eaten turkey. (Ela disse que nunca comeu peru.)
7. The star of Bethlehem: A estrela de Belém.
Ex: They’re talking about the star of Bethlehem. (Estão falando da estrela de Belém.)
Ex: They’re talking about the star of Bethlehem. (Estão falando da estrela de Belém.)
8. Fireplace: Lareira
Ex: There was a fireplace in their house. (Havia uma lareira na casa deles.)
Ex: There was a fireplace in their house. (Havia uma lareira na casa deles.)
9. Christmas carol: Cântico natalino
Ex: It reminds me of that Christmas carol. (Isto me faz lembrar daquele cântico natalino.)
Ex: It reminds me of that Christmas carol. (Isto me faz lembrar daquele cântico natalino.)
10. Merry Christmas/happy christmas: Feliz natal
Ex: Merry christmas! (Feliz natal!)
Ex: Merry christmas! (Feliz natal!)
11. Xmas: Natal. (Abreviação de Christmas.)
12. Christmas gift: Presente de natal.
Ex: They got a Christmas gift.(Eles ganharam um presente de Natal.)
Ex: They got a Christmas gift.(Eles ganharam um presente de Natal.)
13. Christmas Eve: Véspera de Natal.
Ex: They made it up on Christmas Eve. (Fizeram as pazes na Véspera do Natal.)
Ex: They made it up on Christmas Eve. (Fizeram as pazes na Véspera do Natal.)
terça-feira, 6 de dezembro de 2011
VERBOS MODAIS

Os verbos modais são verbos distintos dos outros, pois possuem características próprias, como:
- Não precisam de auxiliares;
- Sempre após os modais, o verbo deve vir no infinitivo, só que sem o “to”;
- Não sofrem alteração nas terceiras pessoas do singular no presente. Logo, eles nunca recebem “s”, “es” ou “ies”.
São verbos modais: can (pode), could (poderia), may (pode, poderia), might(pode, poderia), should (deveria), must (deve), ought to (precisa) e used to(costumava).
Can: pode ser usado para expressar permissão, habilidade.
Can I drink water? (Posso beber água?).
I can speak English. (Eu posso falar inglês).
I can speak English. (Eu posso falar inglês).
Could: é empregado para expressar habilidade, só que no passado. É usado também com o sentindo de poderia, em um contexto mais formal.
I could ride a bike when I was 5 years old. (Eu podia/conseguia andar de bicicleta quando tinha 5 anos de idade).
Could you bring me a sandwich and a coke, please? (Você poderia me trazer um sanduíche e uma coca, por favor?).
Could you bring me a sandwich and a coke, please? (Você poderia me trazer um sanduíche e uma coca, por favor?).
May: é usado para expressar uma possibilidade no presente ou no futuro. Também pode ser usado para pedir permissão, no entanto, may é usado em contextos mais formais que o can.
It may rain tomorrow. (Pode chover amanhã).
May I go to the bathroom? (Eu poderia ir ao banheiro?).
May I go to the bathroom? (Eu poderia ir ao banheiro?).
Might: é usado para expressar possibilidades no passado ou no presente.
She might have come to the party. (Ela poderia ter vindo à festa).
He might have lunch with us tomorrow. (Ele pode vir almoçar com a gente amanhã).
He might have lunch with us tomorrow. (Ele pode vir almoçar com a gente amanhã).
Should e ought to: é usado para expressar um conselho.
You should go to the doctor. (Você deveria ir ao médico).
You ought to quit smoking. (Você deveria parar de fumar).
You ought to quit smoking. (Você deveria parar de fumar).
Must: é usado para expressar obrigação.
You must go to school. (Você deve ir à escola).
She must study more. (Ela deve estudar mais).
She must study more. (Ela deve estudar mais).
Used to: é empregado para expressar um hábito do passado.
I used to watch cartoons when I was a child. (Eu costumava assistir desenhos quando era criança).
She used to play on the street when she was 8 years old. (Ela costumava brincar na rua quando tinha 8 anos de idade).
She used to play on the street when she was 8 years old. (Ela costumava brincar na rua quando tinha 8 anos de idade).
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